Ex-cop at center of manhunt called 'depraved,' 'cowardly'

The fired LAPD officer suspected of terrorizing Southern California in a bloody rampage opened fire on two Riverside police officers with a rifle in a "cowardly ambush" early Thursday morning, Riverside police Chief Sergio Diaz told reporters at a morning news conference.

A 34-year-old officer who was an 11-year veteran of the department was killed in the attack. He was training a 27-year-old officer, who was shot in the upper body but survived, Diaz said. Their names were not released.

Diaz, a former Los Angeles Police Department deputy chief, said he believed the attack was random, coming less than 20 minutes after the suspect -- identified as Christopher Jordan Dorner -- had opened fire on two LAPD officers in Corona near the Magnolia Street exit ramp on Interstate 15.

PHOTOS: The Manhunt

Those officers were among 41 special details dispatched to protect LAPD officers whom Dorner, in an online manifesto, allegedly threatened to hunt down in revenge for being dismissed from the force.

"My opinion of the suspect is unprintable,'' Diaz said. "The manifesto I think speaks for itself as evidence enough of a depraved and abandoned mind and heart.''

The suspect allegedly opened fire as the Riverside officers were stopped at red light at the intersection of Magnolia Avenue and Arlington Boulevard around 1:35 p.m. Bullets pierced the patrol car's windshield, hitting both officers in the chest, Diaz said.

Law enforcement officers from agencies around the Inland Empire descended on Riverside after the shooting to assist with the manhunt. Officers tooting rifles and shotguns stood vigil outside the Riverside police station, which has been placed on "high alert.''

Diaz described the situation as surreal.

"We're hoping to wake up and find this is a bad dream,'' he said

Corona police Chief Michael Abel said the suspect opened fire on two LAPD officers after they were flagged down by a resident who recognized Dorner's Nissan Titan pickup truck. After a short pursuit, Dorner shot at the officers with a rifle, grazing one on the head. The LAPD officers returned fire but their patrol car was disabled and they could not continue the pursuit.

The LAPD officer who was shot was hospitalized and a full recovery is expected, said LAPD Dep. Chief Jose Perez. He was not identified.

Diaz's news conference, held in a Riverside police station near the Tyler Mall, was flooded with television news crews and other media.

Diaz said the department decided to delay releasing the names of the slain and wounded officers because of fears that Dorner, in his quest to hunt down police officers and their relatives, may target their families.

With the city on edge, Diaz urged parents to continue sending their children to school -- which he said was the safest place for them -- and for local businesses to stay open. There's no evidence that Dorner remained in Riverside, or that that he was targeting anyone in the city, Diaz said.

Diaz said he did not know the suspect while he was with the LAPD, and did not have any role in the grievance proceeding that led to Dorner's dismissal in 2009.

"We're going to find him. You can't have this many people looking for you and not be found,'' Diaz said.

Some schools in the area were closed.

A note posted on the Notre Dame Catholic High School website said the school was closed because of the shooting. The school is not far from the scene of the attack.

Meanwhile, a spokeswoman with the Riverside Unified School District said officials were trying to reassure parents that the district's campuses were safe and that they were working closely with authorities.

"Of course, we are being vigilant, even more extra than we normally do," said district spokeswoman Jacquie Paul.

Despite the outreach some parents have chosen to keep their children at home, she said.

PHOTOS: The Manhunt

The district oversees about 42,000 students from kindergarten through high school. She said students would be excused if their parents decided to keep them home. 

"We're very understanding of parents who are nervous, because we understand where they are coming from."

Assistant Supt. David Hansen of the Corona Norco Unified School District said some parents in his district had also kept their students home.

Hansen said all schools were operating normally. He said a automatic phone message was sent to parents telling them that officials were aware if the shootings, and to ensure them they were working closely with police.

"There's anxiety all around because this has been on the news," Hansen said.

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This Pencil-Sharpener Jar Quantifies Your Creative Output

Yes, “The Campaign for the Accurate Measurement of Creativity” is a Kickstarter for a pencil sharpener attached to a mason jar. And yes, this is pretty silly. It’s also, however, a worthwhile meditation on the role and meaning of creativity in the world of design. Let’s focus on the second part.

Created by design-entrepreneur and visual thinker Craighton Berman, the idea behind the project is that a lot of creative work consists of making and trying things that will ultimately be thrown away. Wouldn’t it be nice to have a physical record of all the work you did after an afternoon of sketching, even if all you have to show for it is a deeper understanding of what you shouldn’t do? By collecting and displaying the shavings from your pencil sharpener, you can quantify the work you did.

Berman’s idea grew out of an experience teaching a design sketching class. While critiquing a student’s work (“it was evident there was a lot of effort, but maybe not much result”), the idea of measuring creative effort by saving pencil shavings popped into his head.

“As a product, it’s quite simple of course—a few sourced parts, a single custom piece,” says Berman. “But in reality it’s much more of a conceptual idea embodied in physical form.” Think of it as conceptual art, but native to the world of design.

This may seem like a fine distinction but for Berman it’s critical. “It was of the utmost importance to me that it be an actual product,” he says. “The medium I work in is ideas—sometimes the end result is a drawing, other times it’s a designed object—but ultimately my intent is that of design, not art. This was the sort of idea that just needed to be physical to be truly understood.”

Design is a discipline born of the industrial revolution. Before the rise of factories and specialized labor, there was no need for designers, only artisans—skilled craftspeople who both thought of and made objects. Once the act of designing an object was separated from the act of making it, designers came into existence. This is the tradition to which the Sharpener Jar belongs. “Mass production makes the idea become much more interesting to me,” says Berman.

The project is a commentary on the current obsession with the quantified self and the rise of rhetoric about creativity in big business. On the quantified self side (think Fitbit, Glucose monitors, the Withings scale, or a pedometer), Berman sees a growing obsession with collecting data “whether it’s meaningful or not.” On the business side, talk of creativity is at once promising and troubling.

“Obviously as a product designer I see this as a good thing, but I also see a lot of irony in the fact that creativity is being hailed as a ‘business tool’, when it’s so inherently inefficient, unpredictable, and unmeasurable,” he says. “Collecting what little quantifiable ‘data’ that comes from the creative process, and using it to quantify creativity itself seems to be an interesting way to bring these ideas to life.”

There’s a lot to be said for actually making the thing. Given that the whole point of Berman’s work is that ideas are cheap and disposable (so many are considered and discarded, leaving only pencil shavings), taking the time to make and sell these things gives the concept a weight it would not otherwise have.

The Sharpener Jar may be a tongue-in-cheek design but it’s still a design and Berman says he had to do some prototyping to make it good. “In the original prototype I designed a custom pencil sharpener, and had it milled from brass,” he says, “I learned that pencil sharpeners are actually extremely precise objects that only work well when the tolerances are perfect.” The final design sources the jar and the pencil sharpener, bringing them together with a custom cut aluminum lid.

The result is an object that works. It’s got the story about how the pencil sharpener ties into keeping track of creative effort, but that story isn’t needed. Strip it away and you still have a nice pencil sharpener. “I’ve had elementary school teachers pledging because it’s a useful object in their classroom,” says Berman. “I like products that can walk that line—in this case it’s definitely an absurdist statement, but still a very functional object.”

On top of all that, there’s just the fact that well-presented pencil shavings look nice. “They’re gorgeous byproducts, and it’s a really enjoyable way of appreciating them,” says Berman, “The act of pencil sharpening is also highly experiential—the sound, the feeling, the smell, the intuitive sense of when the pencil is sharp—Sharpener Jar is a small intervention, but by celebrating this ritual, it changes the experience.”

“That to me is what I love to strive for—a product that has layers,” Berman says, “You can engage with it as a conversation piece on the over-quantification of creativity. You can see it as an aesthetically interesting object that celebrates the aesthetic of the pencil shaving. You can use it as a manual pencil sharpener that will never get lost in your desk drawer.”

“All interpretations work equally well, and that means success to me.”

Read More..

Well: The 'Monday Morning' Medical Screaming Match

I did not think I would ever see another “morbidity and mortality” conference in which senior doctors publicly attacked their younger colleagues for making medical errors. These types of heated meetings were commonplace when I was a medical student but have largely been abandoned.

Yet here they were again on “Monday Mornings,” a new medical drama on the TNT network, based on a novel by Dr. Sanjay Gupta, CNN’s chief medical correspondent and one of the executive producers of the show. Such screaming matches may make for good television, but it is useful to review why new strategies have emerged for dealing with medical mistakes.

So-called M&M conferences emerged in the early 20th century as a way for physicians to review cases that had either surprising outcomes or had somehow gone wrong. Although the format varied among institutions and departments, surgery M&Ms were especially known for their confrontations, as more experienced surgeons often browbeat younger doctors into admitting their errors and promising to never make them again.

Such conferences were generally closed door — that is, attended only by physicians. Errors were a private matter not to be shared with other hospital staff, let alone patients and families.

But in the late 1970s, a sociology graduate student named Charles L. Bosk gained access to the surgery department at the University of Chicago. His resultant 1979 book, “Forgive and Remember,” was one of the earliest public discussions of how the medical profession addressed its mistakes.

Dr. Bosk developed a helpful terminology. Technical and judgment errors by surgeons could be forgiven, but only if they were remembered and subsequently prevented by those who committed them. Normative errors, which called into question the moral character of the culprit, were unacceptable and potentially jeopardized careers.

Although Dr. Bosk’s book was more observational than proscriptive, his depiction of M&M conferences was disturbing. I remember attending a urology M&M as a medical student in which several senior physicians berated a very well-meaning and competent intern for a perceived mistake. The intern seemed to take it very well, but my fellow students and I were shaken by the event, asking how such hostility could be conducive to learning.

There were lots of angry accusations in the surgical M&Ms in the pilot episode of “Monday Mornings.” In one case, a senior doctor excoriated a colleague who had given Tylenol to a woman with hip pain who turned out to have cancer. “You allowed metastatic cancer to run amok for four months!” he screamed.

If this was what Dr. Bosk would have called a judgment error, the next case raised moral issues. A neurosurgeon had operated on a boy’s brain tumor without doing a complete family history, which would have revealed a disorder of blood clotting. The boy bled to death on the operating table. “The boy died,” announced the head surgeon, “because of a doctor’s arrogance.”

In one respect, it is good to see that the doctors in charge were so concerned. But as the study of medical errors expanded in the 1990s, researchers found that the likelihood of being blamed led physicians to conceal their errors. Meanwhile, although doctors who attended such conferences might indeed not make the exact same mistakes that had been discussed, it was far from clear that M&Ms were the best way to address the larger problem of medical errors, which, according to a 1999 study, killed close to 100,000 Americans annually.

Eventually, experts recommended a “systems approach” to medical errors, similar to what had been developed by the airline industry. The idea was to look at the root causes of errors and to devise systems to prevent them. Was there a way, for example, to ensure that the woman with the hip problem would return to medical care when the Tylenol did not help? Or could operations not be allowed to occur until a complete family history was in the chart? Increasingly, hospitals have put in systems, such as preoperative checklists and computer warnings, that successfully prevent medical errors.

Another key component of the systems approach is to reduce the emphasis on blame. Even the best doctors make mistakes. Impugning them publicly — or even privately — can make them clam up. But if errors are seen as resulting from inadequate systems, physicians and other health professionals should be more willing to speak up.

Of course, the systems approach is not perfect. Studies continue to show that physicians conceal their mistakes. And elaborate systems for preventing errors can at times interfere with getting things done in the hospital.

Finally, it is important not to entirely remove the issue of responsibility. Sad to say, there still are physicians who are careless and others who are arrogant. Even if today’s M&M conferences rarely involve screaming, supervising physicians need to let such colleagues know that these types of behaviors are unacceptable.

---

Barron H. Lerner, M.D., professor of medicine at New York University Langone Medical Center, is the author, most recently, of “One for the Road: Drunk Driving Since 1900.”

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DealBook: K.K.R.'s Earnings Rise 22% on Investment Gains

Improving markets lifted the fortunes of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in the fourth quarter, as the investment firm reported a 22 percent rise in profit.

K.K.R. said on Thursday that it earned $347.7 million for the quarter, as all of its businesses showed strong gains. For the year, the firm reported earning $2.1 billion.

The fourth-quarter profit, reported as economic net income and which includes unrealized gains from investments, comes out to 48 cents a share. That is more than double the 20-cents-a-share average of analyst estimates compiled by Capital IQ.

Private equity firms have benefited from an improvement in the markets, which have bolstered the value of their own holdings. Last week, the Blackstone Group reported a 43 percent increase in fourth-quarter earnings.

K.K.R. said the value of its investments rose 4 percent for the quarter and 24 percent for the year.

The strongest performers among the firm’s investments included Alliance Boots, a British pharmacy chain; HCA, the giant hospital operator that went public last year; and the Nielsen Company, the media measurement company.

The improved market conditions also make selling portfolio companies a more attractive prospect, letting the firms harvest tangible returns from their investments. That was reflected in K.K.R.’s results, as it reported a nearly fourfold increase in distributable earnings for the quarter, to $546.3 million. That metric tracks how much a firm actually pays to its limited partners.

And K.K.R.’s assets under management rose 13.9 percent from the third quarter, to $75.5 billion.

The firm’s co-founders and co-chairmen, Henry R. Kravis and George R. Roberts, said in a statement that the growth of their private equity portfolio outpaced the Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index by about 7 percent last year.

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Boy Scouts postpone decision on admitting gays

A decision on whether the Boy Scouts of America will keep its policy that excludes gay members and leaders will not be voted on until the organization's annual meeting in May.

By Michael Muskal and Molly Hennessy-Fiske

February 6, 2013, 9:18 a.m.

IRVING, Texas -- The Boy Scouts of America decided Wednesday to put off a decision on whether to lift a national ban of gay members and leaders, saying the issue of sexual orientation was too complex and needed more time for study.

The decision to wait came after the organization recently announced that it would consider changing its policies and might allow local chapters to decide whether to admit gays as Scouts and leaders.

“After careful consideration and extensive dialog within the Scouting family, along with comments from those outside the organization, the volunteer officers of the Boy Scouts of America's National Executive Board concluded that due to the complexity of this issue, the organization needs time for a more deliberate review of its membership policy,” Deron Smith, the BSA director of public relations, said in a statement.

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“To that end, the executive board directed its committees to further engage representatives of Scouting’s membership and listen to their perspectives and concerns. This will assist the officers’ work on a resolution on membership standards,” he stated.

The approximately 1,400 voting members of the national council will take action on the resolution at the national meeting in May in Grapevine, Texas, he said.

It was the Scouts that put the issue back on the agenda for the current executive board meeting, held in its headquarters in Irving. But the move also came amid declining membership, questions by corporate sponsors and public pressure from activists who oppose the current national ban.

“Today the Boy Scouts of America have chosen to remain irrelevant by delaying the vote,” said James Dale, who was expelled from the Scouts in 1990 for being openly gay. “For over 23 years, since I was expelled from the Scouts, I have held out hope that the Boy Scouts would end their discriminatory policy. With each passing day the Scouts will continue to lose members, sponsors and funding. No parent or child should associate with an organization that sends a toxic message telling children they are immoral if they are gay.”

GLAAD, the nation's lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender advocacy group, condemned the decision to wait.

“An organization that serves youth and chooses to intentionally hurt dedicated young people and hard-working parents not only flies in the face of American principles, but the principles of being a Boy Scout,” GLAAD President Herndon Graddick stated.

“The Boy Scouts of America is choosing to ignore the cries of millions, including religious institutions, current Scouting families, and corporate sponsors, but these cries will not be silenced. We're living in a culture where hurting young gay people because of who they are is unpopular and discriminatory. They had the chance to end the pain this ban has caused to young people and parents; they chose to extend the pain.”

Those seeking to keep the ban were also vocal. A majority of the Boy Scout organizations are sponsored by local churches, many of which have religious objections to homosexuals.

About 100 people gathered outside Boy Scouts headquarters in suburban Dallas carrying signs that said “Save our boys from homosexual acts;” “God votes no gays” and “Don't invite sin into the camp.”

Texas Values, a conservative group that organized a prayer vigil this week in support of keeping gays out of the Scouts, said the Scouts organization was right to delay a decision.

“It's a temporary victory,” Jonathan Saenz said of Wednesday's vote. “Good for them -- they're obviously listening. We are encouraged and we're glad they're going to delay the decision. When you deal with such fundamental principles, it's not something you want to tinker with overnight.”

Robert Davis, 48, of Benbrook, Texas, wore his Longhorn Council Scouting uniform and brought his two sons to the protest Wednesday.

“I think it's a good sign,” he said of the organization’s vote. “The Boy Scouts of America is one of the last moral high grounds in this country. I hate to see it die.”

Among politicians, both President Obama and Texas Gov. Rick Perry have been part of the debate.

“My attitude is that gays and lesbians should have access and opportunity the same way everybody else does in every institution and walk of life,” said Obama, who as U.S. president is the honorary president of BSA, in a Sunday interview with CBS.

Perry, the author of the book “On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts Are Worth Fighting For,” said in a speech Saturday that “to have popular culture impact 100 years of their standards is inappropriate.”

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Microsoft Teases Future Surface Pro Accessories With Extra Battery Power

Days before Surface Pro’s release date, Microsoft is already teasing the types of accessories we’ll see for the device.

In a Reddit AMA hosted on Wednesday, members of the Surface Team responded to user questions, and suggested that a Surface Pro cover that would double as an extra battery pack is in the works. Good thing, too, since we found that the Surface Pro could barely get around four hours of normal usage.

Naturally, that’s a major concern for people considering buying the computer — Reddit members brought it up on multiple occasions. Asked about the new connectors at the bottom of the Surface Pro on either side of the cover port, a Microsoft rep said, “At launch we talked about the ‘accessory spine’ and hinted at future peripherals that can click in and do more. Those connectors look like can carry more current than the pogo pins, don’t they?”

The cryptic answer was fleshed out in another response. A redditor specifically asked if Microsoft plans to make a thicker keyboard with an extra battery pack.

“That would require extending the design of the accessory spine to include some way to transfer higher current between the peripheral and the main battery. Which we did,” a Surface Team member replied.

Considering that Microsoft already has released two covers for Surface Pro and Surface RT, along with a Surface-branded Wedge Touch Mouse, it’s not hard to imagine the company expanding its Surface accessory lineup. It’s a natural next step as the company continues to focus on its hardware division, which has traditionally offered accessories like mice and keyboards.

The Reddit AMA also covered issues like Surface Pro’s lack of storage space and whether the company plans to release a 3G or 4G Surface. The latter answer was a roundabout “no.” As for storage space, the Surface Team’s Marc DesCamp said, once again, that you can extend storage through the USB 3.0 port and microSDX card slot. He also mentioned that initial reports of available storage space (23GB for the 64GB model, and 83GB for the 128GB model) are conservative; you actually get around 6 to 7GB more than that.

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Dick Morris dropped by Fox News

LOS ANGELES (TheWrap.com) – Dick Morris will no longer be serving as a contributor at Fox News, a spokesperson for the network told TheWrap.

Morris’ contract had recently expired, and Fox will not be renewing it, the spokesperson said.

Morris, a former adviser to President Bill Clinton who later turned into a harsh critic for the Clintons, had been a longtime contributor to Fox, but has not appeared on the cable network in recent months.

But while Morris may no longer be a presence on Fox News’ airwaves, he isn’t disappearing from television news – at least not immediately.

Morris announced on his website Tuesday that he will appear on Wednesday’s edition of CNN’s “Piers Morgan Tonight.”

“You read it right! I will be a guest on The Piers Morgan Show on CNN, yes CNN, this Wednesday night at 9 PM EST,” Morris wrote. “I’ll spell out what the Republican Party must do to win national elections again and will discuss how House Speaker Boehner has become Obama’s captive. Tune in!”

Morris’ exit at Fox News comes less than two weeks after news broke that former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, who had been a contributor for the cable news network since January 2010, had parted ways with the network. That departure came following reports that Fox News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes was so angry about Palin announcing her plans for the 2012 presidential election on a rival outlet that he wanted to bench her.

In recent months, Fox News has added former “The Man Show” co-host Adam Carolla and former congressman and presidential candidate Dennis Kucinich, who’s known for his liberal views, to its roster of contributors. The network has also re-upped Karl Rove, the former senior adviser to George W. Bush, through the 2016 presidential election.

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L.A. Archdiocese considering $200-million fund-raising campaign

By Los Angeles Times staff

February 5, 2013, 2:44 p.m.

In the midst of renewed public outrage over its handling of priest molestation cases, the Los Angeles Archdiocese is considering a $200-million fund-raising campaign.

The archdiocese has hired a New York company, Guidance in Giving, to study the feasibility of a capital campaign that would shore up the church’s finances.

The archdiocese is $80 million in debt, according to a recent church financial report. In 2007, the archdiocese agreed to a record $600-million settlement with more than 500 alleged victims of priest abuse.

Comments are filtered for language and registration is required. The Times makes no guarantee of comments' factual accuracy. Readers may report inappropriate comments by clicking the Report Abuse link next to a comment. Here are the full legal terms you agree to by using this comment form.

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Finally, a Mophie Juice Pack for Your iPhone 5

The iPhone 5 finally has its own Mophie juice pack battery case to call its own, the Juice Pack Helium. The 1,500 mAh battery-toting case boosts your iPhone 5′s battery life by 80 percent, and is 13 percent thinner than Mophie’s previous iPhone juice packs.

We’ve been waiting for this since the iPhone came out. Mophie’s juice pack iPhone cases are lifesaver at conferences or all-day events where you’re constantly checking, reading, tapping and typing on your phone. They also excel at protecting your handset while supplying additional battery power to extend your phone’s life. We love Mophie cases because they’re tougher than an organic chemistry final and sleeker than a lot of cases out there. The juice pack charges via micro USB, and when your encased iPhone is plugged in, both are charged. A standby switch keeps the juice pack off until you decide you need the extra power.

The Mophie Juice Pack Helium for iPhone 5 is $80. Available in two hues, “dark metallic” begins shipping Feb. 14, and “silver metallic” ships early March.

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Well: Warning Too Late for Some Babies

Six weeks after Jack Mahoney was born prematurely on Feb. 3, 2011, the neonatal staff at WakeMed Hospital in Raleigh, N.C., noticed that his heart rate slowed slightly when he ate. They figured he was having difficulty feeding, and they added a thickener to help.

When Jack was discharged, his parents were given the thickener, SimplyThick, to mix into his formula. Two weeks later, Jack was back in the hospital, with a swollen belly and in inconsolable pain. By then, most of his small intestine had stopped working. He died soon after, at 66 days old.

A month later, the Food and Drug Administration issued a caution that SimplyThick should not be fed to premature infants because it may cause necrotizing enterocolitis, or NEC, a life-threatening condition that damages intestinal tissue.

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Catherine Saint Louis speaks about using SimplyThick in premature infants.

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Experts do not know how the product may be linked to the condition, but Jack is not the only child to die after receiving SimplyThick. An F.D.A. investigation of 84 cases, published in The Journal of Pediatrics in 2012, found a “distinct illness pattern” in 22 instances that suggested a possible link between SimplyThick and NEC. Seven deaths were cited; 14 infants required surgery.

Last September, after more adverse events were reported, the F.D.A. warned that the thickener should not be given to any infants. But the fact that SimplyThick was widely used at all in neonatal intensive care units has spawned a spate of lawsuits and raised questions about regulatory oversight of food additives for infants.

SimplyThick is made from xanthan gum, a widely-used food additive on the F.D.A.’s list of substances “generally recognized as safe.” SimplyThick is classified as a food and the F.D.A. did not assess it for safety.

John Holahan, president of SimplyThick, which is based in St. Louis, acknowledged that the company marketed the product to speech language pathologists who in turn recommended it to infants. The patent touted its effectiveness in breast milk.

However, Mr. Holahan said, “There was no need to conduct studies, as the use of thickeners overall was already well established. In addition, the safety of xanthan gum was already well established.”

Since 2001, SimplyThick has been widely used by adults with swallowing difficulties. A liquid thickened to about the consistency of honey allows the drinker more time to close his airway and prevent aspiration.

Doctors in newborn intensive care units often ask non-physician colleagues like speech pathologists to determine whether an infant has a swallowing problem. And those auxiliary feeding specialists often recommended SimplyThick for neonates with swallowing troubles or acid reflux.

The thickener became popular because it was easy to mix, could be used with breast milk, and maintained its consistency, unlike alternatives like rice cereal.

“It was word of mouth, then neonatologists got used to using it. It became adopted,” said Dr. Steven Abrams, a neonatologist at Texas Children’s Hospital in Houston. “At any given time, several babies in our nursery — and in any neonatal unit — would be on it.”

But in early 2011, Dr. Benson Silverman, the director of the F.D.A.’s infant formula section, was alerted to an online forum where doctors had reported 15 cases of NEC among infants given SimplyThick. The agency issued its first warning about its use in babies that May. “We can only do something with the information we are provided with,” he said. “If information is not provided, how would we know?”

Most infants who took SimplyThick did not fall ill, and NEC is not uncommon in premature infants. But most who develop NEC do so while still in the hospital. Some premature infants given SimplyThick developed NEC later than usual, a few after they went home, a pattern the F.D.A. found unusually worrisome.

Even now it is not known how the thickener might have contributed to the infant deaths. One possibility is that xanthan gum itself is not suitable for the fragile digestive systems of newborns. The intestines of premature babies are “much more likely to have bacterial overgrowth” than adults’, said Dr. Jeffrey Pietz, the chief of newborn medicine at Children’s Hospital Central California in Madera.

“You try not to put anything in a baby’s intestine that’s not natural.” If you do, he added, “you’ve got to have a good reason.”

A second possibility is that batches of the thickener were contaminated with harmful bacteria. In late May 2011, the F.D.A. inspected the plants that make SimplyThick and found violations at one in Stone Mountain, Ga., including a failure to “thermally process” the product to destroy bacteria of a “public health significance.”

The company, Thermo Pac, voluntarily withdrew certain batches. But it appears some children may have ingested potentially contaminated batches.

The parents of Jaden Santos, a preemie who died of NEC while on SimplyThick, still have unused packets of recalled lots, according to their lawyer, Joe Taraska.

The authors of the F.D.A. report theorized that the infants’ intestinal membranes could have been damaged by bacteria breaking down the xanthan gum into too many toxic byproducts.

Dr. Qing Yang, a neonatologist at Wake Forest University, is a co-author of a case series in the Journal of Perinatology about three premature infants who took SimplyThick, developed NEC and were treated. The paper speculates that NEC was “most likely caused by the stimulation of the immature gut by xanthan gum.”

Dr. Yang said she only belatedly realized “there’s a lack of data” on xanthan gum’s use in preemies. “The lesson I learned is not to be totally dependent on the speech pathologist.”

Julie Mueller’s daughter Addison was born full-term and given SimplyThick after a swallow test showed she was at risk of choking. It was recommended by a speech pathologist at the hospital.

Less than a month later, Addison was dead with multiple holes in her small intestine. “It was a nightmare,” said Ms. Mueller, who has filed a lawsuit against SimplyThick. “I was astounded how a hospital and manufacturer was gearing this toward newborns when they never had to prove it would be safe for them. Basically we just did a research trial for the manufacturer.”

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